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Math from Words
Chapter Two - Sets

by

James Adrian
      As was said in the introduction, the term thing is intended to be thoroughly indefinite. An idea, an object, a sentence, a mark, an action, a description, a time, a location, or anything else can be referred to as a thing. The plural of this term implies that the things referred to individually separate, distinct and discrete things. They each have an existence that is independent from each other. A single tomato in a pair of tomatoes exists as independently from the pair of tomatoes as a tomato does among apples.

      Definition - An item is a thing.

      Definition - A term is a word or a phrase.

      Definition - A character is a mark.

      Definition - K is a name if and only if K is a term or character that refers to a thing.

      Definition - A thing has a name if and only if a term or character refers to it.

      It should be noted that if K is a name of thing T, it may not be the only name that refers to thing T.

      Definition - An element is a thing, T, contained by something other than T.

      Definition - S is a set if and only if each following statement is true:

      S may contain an element or elements, or S may contain no elements.

      Each element in S is an individually separate, distinct and discrete thing.

      Each element in S is unique in S.

      Each element in S is represented by a text item that is unique among the text items representing elements in S.

      If S is said to contain an element or elements of a given description, and that description is faulty, then S does not contain such elements or such an element.

      S does not contain itself.

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      Definition - S is an empty set if and only if S is a set, and S does not contain anything.

      If set H is a set of butterflies that fly at the speed of sound, set H is surely empty.

      Notation - Here is a set containing a pair of elements: {a, b}

      Every element in the set except the last element on the right is followed immediately by a comma and then by a space. The elements are enclosed in curly brackets.

      Definition - Set S is a non-empty set if and only if S contains an element or elements.

      Definition - Set S and set T are equal sets or are equal if and only if S contains each element in T, and T contains each element in S.

      Definition - C is a subset of D if and only if C and D are sets and every element in C is also in D.

      Definition - C is a proper subset of D if and only if C and D are sets; and, every element in C is also in D; and, there is at least a single element in D that is not in C.

      Definition - The union of set T and set S is the set U of elements that are each either in set T or in set S.

      Definition - The intersection of set T and set U is the set S of elements that are each in both set T and set U.

      Definition - An element E is removed from set S if and only if E is in set S, and S is then redefined to exclude E.

      Definition - An element E is inserted in set S if and only if E is not in set S, and E is not identical to any element in S, and S is then redefined to include E.

      Definition - An element E is moved from set S to set T if and only if E is removed from set S, and then inserted in set T.


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